Merge pull request #27853 from joshuahansel/hs-coupler-2d3d-convection

Added convection to HSCoupler2D3D

modules/thermal_hydraulics/doc/content/source/components/HSCoupler2D3D.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # HSCoupler2D3D
 
 This component is used to couple a [HeatStructureCylindrical.md] and a
-[HeatStructureFromFile3D.md] via gap conduction and radiation.
+[HeatStructureFromFile3D.md] via gap conduction, radiation, and convection.
 
 ## Formulation
 
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ where
 
 This approach guarantees energy conservation of this heat exchange.
 
-The heat flux is composed of two pieces, corresponding to conduction and radiation:
+The heat flux is composed of three pieces, corresponding to conduction, radiation, and convection:
 
 !equation
-q_{z,\theta} = q^\text{cond}_{z,\theta} + q^\text{rad}_{z,\theta} \,.
+q_{z,\theta} = q^\text{cond}_{z,\theta} + q^\text{rad}_{z,\theta} + q^\text{conv}_{r,\theta} \,.
 
 Before describing these pieces, we describe some preliminaries.
 
@@ -116,6 +116,18 @@ q^\text{rad}_{z,\theta} = \frac{\sigma (T_z^4 - T_{z,\theta}^4)}{\mathcal{R}_{z,
 
 where $\sigma$ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
 
+### Convection Heat Flux
+
+The convection heat flux is computed as
+
+!equation
+q^\text{conv}_{z,\theta} = h^\text{gap}_{z,\theta} (T_z - T_{z,\theta}) \,,
+
+where the gap heat transfer coefficient is evaluated at the gap temperature:
+
+!equation
+h^\text{gap}_{z,\theta} = h_\text{gap}(T^\text{gap}_{z,\theta}) \,.
+
 ## Restrictions and Assumptions
 
 - Currently, no contact ($\delta = 0$) is permitted, but this restriction is
@@ -135,19 +147,26 @@ corresponding to each heat structure, at which the heat exchange occurs.
 
 The parameters [!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/emissivity_2d),
 [!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/emissivity_3d),
-[!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/gap_thickness), and
-[!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/gap_thermal_conductivity) correspond
+[!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/gap_thickness),
+[!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/gap_thermal_conductivity), and
+[!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/gap_htc) correspond
 to [Functions](Functions/index.md) of the relevant temperature; respectively,
 these correspond to
 
 - $\epsilon_\text{2D}(T_\text{2D})$,
 - $\epsilon_\text{3D}(T_\text{3D})$,
-- $\delta(T_\text{gap})$, and
-- $k_\text{gap}(T_\text{gap})$.
+- $\delta(T_\text{gap})$,
+- $k_\text{gap}(T_\text{gap})$, and
+- $h_\text{gap}(T_\text{gap})$.
 
 The temperature values are substituted in place of the time coordinate for
 these `Function`s.
 
+The radiation component of the heat flux can be disabled by setting
+[!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/include_radiation) to `false`, and in this
+case the parameters [!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/emissivity_2d) and
+[!param](/Components/HSCoupler2D3D/emissivity_3d) should not be specified.
+
 ### MOOSE Configuration
 
 Because a 2D surface is being coupled to a 3D surface, there is potentially

modules/thermal_hydraulics/include/userobjects/HSCoupler2D3DUserObject.h

@@ -55,10 +55,14 @@ class HSCoupler2D3DUserObject : public SideUserObject
   const Function & _emissivity_2d_fn;
   /// Emissivity of the 3D heat structure boundary as a function of temperature
   const Function & _emissivity_3d_fn;
+  /// Include radiation?
+  const bool _include_radiation;
   /// Gap thickness as a function of temperature
   const Function & _gap_thickness_fn;
   /// Gap thermal conductivity as a function of temperature
   const Function & _k_gap_fn;
+  /// Gap heat transfer coefficient as a function of temperature
+  const Function & _htc_gap_fn;
 
   /// User object containing the temperature values on the 2D boundary
   const StoreVariableByElemIDSideUserObject & _temperature_2d_uo;

modules/thermal_hydraulics/src/components/HSCoupler2D3D.C

@@ -27,17 +27,20 @@ HSCoupler2D3D::validParams()
   params.addRequiredParam<BoundaryName>("boundary_3d",
                                         "The boundary of the 3D heat structure to couple");
 
-  params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>(
+  params.addParam<bool>("include_radiation", true, "Include radiation component of heat flux");
+  params.addParam<FunctionName>(
       "emissivity_2d",
       "Emissivity of the 2D heat structure boundary as a function of temperature [K]");
-  params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>(
+  params.addParam<FunctionName>(
       "emissivity_3d",
       "Emissivity of the 3D heat structure boundary as a function of temperature [K]");
   params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>("gap_thickness",
                                         "Gap thickness [m] as a function of temperature [K]");
   params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>(
       "gap_thermal_conductivity",
       "Gap thermal conductivity [W/(m-K)] as a function of temperature [K]");
+  params.addParam<FunctionName>(
+      "gap_htc", 0, "Gap heat transfer coefficient [W/(m^2-K)] as a function of temperature [K]");
 
   params.addClassDescription("Couples a 2D heat structure boundary to a 3D heat structure boundary "
                              "using gap heat transfer.");
@@ -95,6 +98,19 @@ HSCoupler2D3D::check() const
 {
   BoundaryBase::check();
 
+  if (getParam<bool>("include_radiation"))
+  {
+    if (!(isParamValid("emissivity_2d") && isParamValid("emissivity_3d")))
+      logError("If 'include_radiation' is 'true', then 'emissivity_2d' and 'emissivity_3d' are "
+               "required.");
+  }
+  else
+  {
+    if (isParamValid("emissivity_2d") || isParamValid("emissivity_3d"))
+      logError("If 'include_radiation' is 'false', then neither 'emissivity_2d' nor "
+               "'emissivity_3d' can be specified.");
+  }
+
   if (hasComponentByName<HeatStructureCylindricalBase>(_hs_name_2d))
   {
     const auto & hs = getComponentByName<HeatStructureCylindricalBase>(_hs_name_2d);
@@ -161,11 +177,15 @@ HSCoupler2D3D::addMooseObjects()
     params.set<std::vector<BoundaryName>>("boundary") = {_boundary_3d};
     params.set<std::vector<VariableName>>("temperature") = {HeatConductionModel::TEMPERATURE};
     params.set<Real>("radius_2d") = radius_2d;
-    params.set<FunctionName>("emissivity_2d") = getParam<FunctionName>("emissivity_2d");
-    params.set<FunctionName>("emissivity_3d") = getParam<FunctionName>("emissivity_3d");
+    if (getParam<bool>("include_radiation"))
+    {
+      params.set<FunctionName>("emissivity_2d") = getParam<FunctionName>("emissivity_2d");
+      params.set<FunctionName>("emissivity_3d") = getParam<FunctionName>("emissivity_3d");
+    }
     params.set<FunctionName>("gap_thickness") = getParam<FunctionName>("gap_thickness");
     params.set<FunctionName>("gap_thermal_conductivity") =
         getParam<FunctionName>("gap_thermal_conductivity");
+    params.set<FunctionName>("gap_htc") = getParam<FunctionName>("gap_htc");
     params.set<UserObjectName>("temperature_2d_uo") = temperature_2d_uo_name;
     params.set<MeshAlignment2D3D *>("mesh_alignment") = &_mesh_alignment;
     params.set<ExecFlagEnum>("execute_on") = {EXEC_INITIAL, EXEC_LINEAR, EXEC_NONLINEAR};

modules/thermal_hydraulics/src/userobjects/HSCoupler2D3DUserObject.C

@@ -23,17 +23,21 @@ HSCoupler2D3DUserObject::validParams()
 
   params.addRequiredCoupledVar("temperature", "Temperature");
   params.addRequiredParam<Real>("radius_2d", "Radius of the 2D heat structure boundary [m]");
-  params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>(
+  params.addParam<FunctionName>(
       "emissivity_2d",
+      0,
       "Emissivity of the 2D heat structure boundary as a function of temperature [K]");
-  params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>(
+  params.addParam<FunctionName>(
       "emissivity_3d",
+      0,
       "Emissivity of the 3D heat structure boundary as a function of temperature [K]");
   params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>("gap_thickness",
                                         "Gap thickness [m] as a function of temperature [K]");
   params.addRequiredParam<FunctionName>(
       "gap_thermal_conductivity",
       "Gap thermal conductivity [W/(m-K)] as a function of temperature [K]");
+  params.addParam<FunctionName>(
+      "gap_htc", 0, "Gap heat transfer coefficient [W/(m^2-K)] as a function of temperature [K]");
   params.addRequiredParam<UserObjectName>(
       "temperature_2d_uo",
       "StoreVariableByElemIDSideUserObject containing the temperature values on the 2D boundary");
@@ -51,8 +55,10 @@ HSCoupler2D3DUserObject::HSCoupler2D3DUserObject(const InputParameters & paramet
     _r_2d(getParam<Real>("radius_2d")),
     _emissivity_2d_fn(getFunction("emissivity_2d")),
     _emissivity_3d_fn(getFunction("emissivity_3d")),
+    _include_radiation(isParamSetByUser("emissivity_2d") && isParamSetByUser("emissivity_3d")),
     _gap_thickness_fn(getFunction("gap_thickness")),
     _k_gap_fn(getFunction("gap_thermal_conductivity")),
+    _htc_gap_fn(getFunction("gap_htc")),
     _temperature_2d_uo(getUserObject<StoreVariableByElemIDSideUserObject>("temperature_2d_uo")),
     _mesh_alignment(*getParam<MeshAlignment2D3D *>("mesh_alignment"))
 {
@@ -87,22 +93,29 @@ HSCoupler2D3DUserObject::execute()
     const auto & T_3d = _T_3d[qp_3d];
     const auto T_gap = 0.5 * (T_2d + T_3d);
 
-    const auto emissivity_2d = evaluateTemperatureFunction(_emissivity_2d_fn, T_2d);
-    const auto emissivity_3d = evaluateTemperatureFunction(_emissivity_3d_fn, T_3d);
     const auto gap_thickness = evaluateTemperatureFunction(_gap_thickness_fn, T_gap);
     const auto k_gap = evaluateTemperatureFunction(_k_gap_fn, T_gap);
 
     if (!MooseUtils::absoluteFuzzyGreaterThan(gap_thickness, 0))
       mooseError("Gap thickness must be > 0.");
 
     const auto r_3d = _r_2d + gap_thickness;
-    const auto r_gap = 0.5 * (_r_2d + r_3d);
 
     const auto heat_flux_cond =
         HeatTransferModels::cylindricalGapConductionHeatFlux(k_gap, _r_2d, r_3d, T_2d, T_3d);
-    const auto heat_flux_rad = HeatTransferModels::cylindricalGapRadiationHeatFlux(
-        _r_2d, r_3d, emissivity_2d, emissivity_3d, T_2d, T_3d);
-    const auto heat_flux = heat_flux_cond + heat_flux_rad;
+    auto heat_flux = heat_flux_cond;
+
+    const auto htc = evaluateTemperatureFunction(_htc_gap_fn, T_gap);
+    heat_flux += htc * (T_2d - T_3d);
+
+    if (_include_radiation)
+    {
+      const auto emissivity_2d = evaluateTemperatureFunction(_emissivity_2d_fn, T_2d);
+      const auto emissivity_3d = evaluateTemperatureFunction(_emissivity_3d_fn, T_3d);
+
+      heat_flux += HeatTransferModels::cylindricalGapRadiationHeatFlux(
+          _r_2d, r_3d, emissivity_2d, emissivity_3d, T_2d, T_3d);
+    }
 
     heat_flux_3d[qp_3d] = heat_flux;
     heat_flux_2d[qp_2d] -= _JxW[qp_3d] * _coord[qp_3d] * heat_flux / area_2d[qp_2d];

modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/hs_coupler_2d3d/hs_coupler_2d3d.i

@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@ n_elems_axial_extend = 12
     boundary_2d = hs2d:matrix:outer
     boundary_3d = hs3d:rmin
 
-    emissivity_2d = 0.4
-    emissivity_3d = 0.6
+    include_radiation = false
     gap_thickness = 0.00001
     gap_thermal_conductivity = 0.05
   []

modules/thermal_hydraulics/test/tests/components/hs_coupler_2d3d/tests

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [Tests]
   design = 'HSCoupler2D3D.md'
-  issues = '#23059'
+  issues = '#23059 #27830'
 
   [check_input_mesh]
     type = RunApp
@@ -11,10 +11,36 @@
   []
 
   [test]
-    type = Exodiff
-    input = hs_coupler_2d3d.i
-    exodiff = hs_coupler_2d3d_out.e
-    requirement = 'The system shall couple a 2D heat structure with a 3D heat structure.'
+    requirement = 'The system shall couple a 2D heat structure with a 3D heat structure'
+
+    [conduction_plus_radiation]
+      type = Exodiff
+      input = hs_coupler_2d3d.i
+      cli_args = "
+        Components/hs_coupler/include_radiation=true
+        Components/hs_coupler/emissivity_2d=0.4
+        Components/hs_coupler/emissivity_3d=0.6
+        Outputs/file_base=conduction_plus_radiation"
+      exodiff = conduction_plus_radiation.e
+      detail = 'using conduction and radiation.'
+    []
+    [conduction_only]
+      type = Exodiff
+      input = hs_coupler_2d3d.i
+      cli_args = 'Outputs/file_base=conduction_only'
+      exodiff = conduction_only.e
+      detail = 'using conduction only.'
+    []
+    [convection_only]
+      type = Exodiff
+      input = hs_coupler_2d3d.i
+      cli_args = "
+        Components/hs_coupler/gap_thermal_conductivity=0
+        Components/hs_coupler/gap_htc=100
+        Outputs/file_base=convection_only"
+      exodiff = convection_only.e
+      detail = 'using convection only.'
+    []
   []
 
   [error_reporting]
@@ -70,5 +96,19 @@
       expect_err = 'Gap thickness must be > 0.'
       detail = 'If the gap thickness is less than or equal to zero.'
     []
+    [radiation_missing_emissivities]
+      type = RunException
+      input = hs_coupler_2d3d.i
+      cli_args = 'Components/hs_coupler/include_radiation=true'
+      expect_err = "If 'include_radiation' is 'true', then 'emissivity_2d' and 'emissivity_3d' are required."
+      detail = 'If radiation is specified to be included but the emissivities are not provided.'
+    []
+    [no_radiation_but_provided_emissivity]
+      type = RunException
+      input = hs_coupler_2d3d.i
+      cli_args = 'Components/hs_coupler/emissivity_2d=0.4'
+      expect_err = "If 'include_radiation' is 'false', then neither 'emissivity_2d' nor 'emissivity_3d' can be specified."
+      detail = 'If radiation is specified to not be included but an emissivity is provided.'
+    []
   []
 []