diff --git a/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.c b/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.c
index 4801ae714a..719d54c889 100644
--- a/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.c
+++ b/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_i_compact.c
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ TreeNode *res[MAX_SIZE];
 int resSize = 0;
 
 /* 前序遍历：例题一 */
-static void preOrder(TreeNode *root) {
+void preOrder(TreeNode *root) {
     if (root == NULL) {
         return;
     }
diff --git a/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.c b/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.c
index 04ea08472b..2bd580add5 100644
--- a/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.c
+++ b/codes/c/chapter_backtracking/preorder_traversal_ii_compact.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ TreeNode *res[MAX_RES_SIZE][MAX_SIZE];
 int pathSize = 0, resSize = 0;
 
 /* 前序遍历：例题二 */
-static void preOrder(TreeNode *root) {
+void preOrder(TreeNode *root) {
     if (root == NULL) {
         return;
     }
diff --git a/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_chaining.c b/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_chaining.c
index 65e0f8602f..659f080bed 100644
--- a/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_chaining.c
+++ b/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_chaining.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ typedef struct {
     Node **buckets;   // 桶数组
 } HashMapChaining;
 
-/* 构造方法 */
+/* 构造函数 */
 HashMapChaining *initHashMapChaining() {
     HashMapChaining *hashMap = (HashMapChaining *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapChaining));
     hashMap->size = 0;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ HashMapChaining *initHashMapChaining() {
     return hashMap;
 }
 
-/* 析构方法 */
+/* 析构函数 */
 void freeHashMapChaining(HashMapChaining *hashMap) {
     for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
         Node *cur = hashMap->buckets[i];
diff --git a/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.c b/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.c
index 14637b4fbb..ba12a10de6 100644
--- a/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.c
+++ b/codes/c/chapter_hashing/hash_map_open_addressing.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ typedef struct {
 // 函数声明
 void extend(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap);
 
-/* 构造方法 */
+/* 构造函数 */
 HashMapOpenAddressing *newHashMapOpenAddressing() {
     HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap = (HashMapOpenAddressing *)malloc(sizeof(HashMapOpenAddressing));
     hashMap->size = 0;
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ HashMapOpenAddressing *newHashMapOpenAddressing() {
     return hashMap;
 }
 
-/* 析构方法 */
+/* 析构函数 */
 void delHashMapOpenAddressing(HashMapOpenAddressing *hashMap) {
     for (int i = 0; i < hashMap->capacity; i++) {
         Pair *pair = hashMap->buckets[i];
diff --git a/codes/c/chapter_tree/array_binary_tree.c b/codes/c/chapter_tree/array_binary_tree.c
index 26f878924a..a05006e062 100644
--- a/codes/c/chapter_tree/array_binary_tree.c
+++ b/codes/c/chapter_tree/array_binary_tree.c
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@
 
 #include "../utils/common.h"
 
-/* 数组表示下的二叉树结构 */
+/* 数组表示下的二叉树结构体 */
 typedef struct {
     int *tree;
     int size;
 } ArrayBinaryTree;
 
-/* 构造方法 */
+/* 构造函数 */
 ArrayBinaryTree *createArrayBinaryTree(int *arr, int arrSize) {
     ArrayBinaryTree *abt = (ArrayBinaryTree *)malloc(sizeof(ArrayBinaryTree));
     abt->tree = malloc(sizeof(int) * arrSize);
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ int main() {
     free(res);
 
     // 释放内存
-    free(root);
+    freeMemoryTree(root);
     free(abt);
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/codes/c/utils/list_node.h b/codes/c/utils/list_node.h
index dd37472a60..4bc90098fa 100644
--- a/codes/c/utils/list_node.h
+++ b/codes/c/utils/list_node.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ typedef struct ListNode {
 
 /* 构造函数，初始化一个新节点 */
 ListNode *newListNode(int val) {
-    ListNode *node, *next;
+    ListNode *node;
     node = (ListNode *)malloc(sizeof(ListNode));
     node->val = val;
     node->next = NULL;
diff --git a/codes/dart/utils/list_node.dart b/codes/dart/utils/list_node.dart
index 703065f162..c895d4e10f 100644
--- a/codes/dart/utils/list_node.dart
+++ b/codes/dart/utils/list_node.dart
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class ListNode {
   ListNode(this.val, [this.next]);
 }
 
-/* Generate a linked list with a vector */
+/* Generate a linked list with a list */
 ListNode? listToLinkedList(List<int> list) {
   ListNode dum = ListNode(0);
   ListNode? head = dum;
diff --git a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
index 7c6f44fc78..cc8d2656be 100644
--- a/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
+++ b/codes/python/chapter_graph/graph_adjacency_matrix.py
@@ -14,14 +14,11 @@
 class GraphAdjMat:
     """基于邻接矩阵实现的无向图类"""
 
-    # 顶点列表，元素代表“顶点值”，索引代表“顶点索引”
-    vertices: list[int] = []
-    # 邻接矩阵，行列索引对应“顶点索引”
-    adj_mat: list[list[int]] = []
-
     def __init__(self, vertices: list[int], edges: list[list[int]]):
         """构造方法"""
+        # 顶点列表，元素代表“顶点值”，索引代表“顶点索引”
         self.vertices: list[int] = []
+        # 邻接矩阵，行列索引对应“顶点索引”
         self.adj_mat: list[list[int]] = []
         # 添加顶点
         for val in vertices:
diff --git a/codes/swift/chapter_heap/top_k.swift b/codes/swift/chapter_heap/top_k.swift
index da81a31fb3..6c0cb91df0 100644
--- a/codes/swift/chapter_heap/top_k.swift
+++ b/codes/swift/chapter_heap/top_k.swift
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import utils
 
 /* 基于堆查找数组中最大的 k 个元素 */
 func topKHeap(nums: [Int], k: Int) -> [Int] {
-    // 将数组的前 k 个元素入堆
+    // 初始化一个小顶堆，并将前 k 个元素建堆
     var heap = Heap(nums.prefix(k))
     // 从第 k+1 个元素开始，保持堆的长度为 k
     for i in stride(from: k, to: nums.count, by: 1) {