Types of Functions in Python.ipynb

{"nbformat":4,"nbformat_minor":0,"metadata":{"colab":{"provenance":[],"authorship_tag":"ABX9TyN9Ug0EnPx1mMo/1PbPGXk0"},"kernelspec":{"name":"python3","display_name":"Python 3"},"language_info":{"name":"python"}},"cells":[{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Types Of Python Functions**\n","\n","Python Built-in Functions\n","\n","Python Recursion Functions\n","\n","Python Lambda Functions\n","\n","Python User-defined Functions"],"metadata":{"id":"VqGlnPTdbdCX"}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python Built-in Functions:**\n","\n","The Python interpreter has a number of functions that are always available for use. These functions are called built-in functions. For example, print() function prints the given object to the standard output device (screen) or to the text stream file.\n","\n","In Python 3.6, there are 68 built-in functions. But for the sake of simplicity let us consider the majorly used functions and we can build on from there.\n","\n","Python abs() Function:\n","Definition\n","\n","The abs() method returns the absolute value of the given number. If the number is a complex number, abs() returns its magnitude.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of abs() method is:\n","\n","abs(num)\n","Parameters\n","\n"," The abs() method takes a single argument:\n","\n","num – A number whose absolute value is to be returned. \n","The number can be:\n","\n","integer\n","\n","floating number\n","\n","complex number"],"metadata":{"id":"bKSVDPFfbrfk"}},{"cell_type":"code","execution_count":43,"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"PkbWVyVAbcUl","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674631262544,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":372,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"019e456f-c848-4628-8622-fdc3f9f90a04"},"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Absolute value of -50 is: 50\n","Absolute value of -19.99 is: 19.99\n"]}],"source":["# random integer\n","integer = -50\n","print('Absolute value of -50 is:', abs(integer))\n"," \n","#random floating number\n","floating = -19.99\n","print('Absolute value of -19.99 is:', abs(floating))"]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python all() Function: **\n","\n","**Definition**\n","\n","The all() method returns True when all elements in the given iterable are true. If not, it returns False.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of all() method is:\n","\n","***all(iterable)***\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The all() method takes a single parameter:\n","\n","**iterable –** Any iterable (list, tuple, dictionary, etc.) which contains the elements"],"metadata":{"id":"XgzLjt_UcO43"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["# all values true\n","l = [7, 9, 11, 13]\n","print(all(l))\n"," \n","# all values false\n","l = [77, False]\n","print(all(l))\n"," \n","# one false value\n","l = [7, 9, 11, 0]\n","print(all(l))\n"," \n","# one true value\n","l = [0, False, 9]\n","print(all(l))\n"," \n","# empty iterable\n","l = []\n","print(all(l))\n","\n","l = [(7, 9), (11, 0)]\n","print(all(l))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"aLxcR0yvcvmF","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674631478929,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":335,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"b0a41592-3dd7-43dc-f834-b9cbff6cf3e2"},"execution_count":48,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["True\n","False\n","False\n","False\n","True\n","True\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python ascii() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The ascii() method returns a string containing a printable representation of an object. It escapes the non-ASCII characters in the string using x, u or U escapes.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of ascii() method is:\n","\n","ascii(object)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The ascii() method takes an object (like strings, list etc)."],"metadata":{"id":"buPO2R0sdRuN"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["simpleText = 'Data Science is Great!!'\n","print(ascii(simpleText))\n"," \n","simpleOtherText = 'AI is Great!!'\n","print(ascii(simpleOtherText))\n"," \n","print('Deep Learning is also Awesome')"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"X-PPe4ggdbRg","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674631532042,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":335,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"6219553d-68c4-48e9-c850-6568ded5794f"},"execution_count":49,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["'Data Science is Great!!'\n","'AI is Great!!'\n","Deep Learning is also Awesome\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python bin() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The bin() method converts and returns the binary equivalent string of a given integer. If the parameter isn’t an integer, it has to implement __index__() method to return an integer.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of bin() method is:\n","\n","bin(num)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The bin() method takes a single parameter:\n","\n","num – an integer number whose binary equivalent is to be calculated.\n","If not an integer, should implement __index__() method to return an integer.\n","\n","\n","Example\n","\n","number = 5\n","\n","print('The binary equivalent of 5 is:', bin(number))\n","\n","Output\n","\n","The binary equivalent of 5 is: 0b101\n","Python bool() Function:\n","\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The bool() method converts and returns the binary equivalent string of a given integer. If the parameter isn’t an integer, it has to implement __index__() method to return an integer.\n","\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of bool() method is:\n","\n","\n","bool([value])\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","It’s not mandatory to pass a value to bool(). If you do not pass a value, bool() returns False.\n","\n","In general use, bool() takes a single parameter value."],"metadata":{"id":"_w-gX4dReHW2"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["number = 5\n","\n","print('The binary equivalent of 5 is:', bin(number))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"36wurko1006K","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674631674353,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":367,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"8cd102b0-ae12-4de4-e050-f2e1ac8b123c"},"execution_count":50,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["The binary equivalent of 5 is: 0b101\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"code","source":["xyz = []\n","print(xyz,'is',bool(xyz))\n"," \n","xyz = [0]\n","print(xyz,'is',bool(xyz))\n"," \n","xyz = 0.0\n","print(xyz,'is',bool(xyz))\n"," \n","xyz = None\n","print(xyz,'is',bool(xyz))\n"," \n","xyz = True\n","print(xyz,'is',bool(xyz))\n"," \n","xyz = 'Easy string'\n","print(xyz,'is',bool(xyz))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"dZXwQCmSelU0","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674631736183,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":345,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"c4b02276-8052-4b13-9c09-5da9d7892cab"},"execution_count":56,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["[] is False\n","[0] is True\n","0.0 is False\n","None is False\n","True is True\n","Easy string is True\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python compile() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The compile() method returns a Python code object from the source (normal string, a byte string, or an AST object).\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of compile() method is:\n","\n","\n","compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","source – a normal string, a byte string, or an AST object\n","\n","filename – file from which the code was read. If it wasn’t read from a file, you can give a name yourself\n","\n","mode – Either exec or eval or single.\n","\n","eval – accepts only a single expression.\n","\n","exec – It can take a code block that has Python statements, class and functions and so on.\n","\n","single – if it consists of a single interactive statement\n","\n","flags (optional) and dont_inherit (optional) – controls which future statements affect the compilation of the source.\n","Default Value: 0\n","\n","optimize (optional) – optimization level of the compiler. \n","\n","Default value -1."],"metadata":{"id":"vtwmW4zJe-s0"}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python dict() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The dict() constructor creates a dictionary in Python.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","Different forms of dict() constructors are:\n","\n","class dict(**kwarg)\n","\n","class dict(mapping, **kwarg)\n","\n","class dict(iterable, **kwarg)"],"metadata":{"id":"pntvxj4MgMMX"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["nums = dict(x=5, y=0)\n","print('numbers = ',nums)\n","print(type(nums))\n"," \n","empty = dict()\n","print('empty = ',empty)\n","print(type(empty))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"1I32q394gTFr","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674631871368,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":6,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"a20ab3ec-7a92-4f03-a089-16c1f3cbdf0c"},"execution_count":57,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["numbers =  {'x': 5, 'y': 0}\n","<class 'dict'>\n","empty =  {}\n","<class 'dict'>\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python enumerate() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The enumerate() method adds counter to an iterable and returns it (the enumerate object).\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of enumerate() method is:\n","\n","enumerate(iterable, start=0)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The enumerate() method takes two parameters:\n","\n","iterable – a sequence, an iterator, or objects that support iteration\n","\n","start (optional) – enumerate() starts counting from this number. If start is omitted, 0 is taken as the start."],"metadata":{"id":"_DmjUInsgkIQ"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["fruits = ['Mango', 'Orange', 'Banana']\n","enumerateFruits = enumerate(fruits)\n"," \n","print(type(enumerateFruits))\n"," \n","# converting to list\n","print(list(enumerateFruits))\n"," \n","# changing the default counter\n","enumerateFruits = enumerate(fruits, 7)\n","print(list(enumerateFruits))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"DNAmaNBRgz9f","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674631986510,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":337,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"badf6b77-ba41-481e-ad44-07d687a05539"},"execution_count":60,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["<class 'enumerate'>\n","[(0, 'Mango'), (1, 'Orange'), (2, 'Banana')]\n","[(7, 'Mango'), (8, 'Orange'), (9, 'Banana')]\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["Python eval() Function:\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The eval() method parses the expression passed to this method and runs python expression (code) within the program.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of eval() method is:\n","\n","eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The eval() takes three parameters:\n","\n","    expression – this string is parsed and evaluated as a Python expression\n","\n","    globals (optional) – a dictionary\n","\n","    locals (optional)- a mapping object. Dictionary is the standard and commonly used mapping type in Python."],"metadata":{"id":"d23zSYMPhSvs"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["a = 5\n","print(eval('a + 1'))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"voQHGpcjhjeY","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632053200,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":340,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"96c32acf-6501-44a4-dc9a-997be0bb4745"},"execution_count":61,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["6\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["Python filter() Function:\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The filter() method constructs an iterator from elements of an iterable for which a function returns true.\n","\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of filter() method is:\n","\n","\n","filter(function, iterable)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","The filter() method takes two parameters:\n","\n","\n","**function –** function that tests if elements of an iterable return true or false\n","\n","If None, the function defaults to Identity function – which returns false if any elements are false\n","\n","**iterable** –  iterable which is to be filtered, could be sets, lists, tuples, or containers of any iterators"],"metadata":{"id":"vQBzLLcCh0fN"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["# list of letters\n","letters = ['z', 'g', 'a', 'b', 'd', 'e', 'i', 'j', 'o','u']\n"," \n","# function that filters vowels\n","def filterVowels(letters):\n","    vowels = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']\n"," \n","    if(letters in vowels):\n","        return True\n","    else:\n","        return False\n"," \n","filteredVowels = filter(filterVowels, letters)\n"," \n","print('The filtered vowels are:')\n","for vowel in filteredVowels:\n","    print(vowel)"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"tGKf43hliEmw","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632217951,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":351,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"0f32c39f-9ea5-4587-d40c-83cdf26d2b69"},"execution_count":63,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["The filtered vowels are:\n","a\n","e\n","i\n","o\n","u\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python getattr() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","\n","The getattr() method returns the value of the named attribute of an object. If not found, it returns the default value provided to the function.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of getattr() method is:\n","\n","\n","getattr(object, name[, default])\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","The getattr() method takes multiple parameters:\n","\n","\n","object – object whose named attribute’s value is to be returned\n","\n","name – string that contains the attribute’s name\n","\n","default (Optional) – value that is returned when the named attribute is not found"],"metadata":{"id":"bsXXvkouifAq"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["class Employee:\n","    salary = 50000,\n","    age = 23\n","    name = \"Jayaram\"\n"," \n","employee = Employee()\n","\n","print('The Salary is:', getattr(employee, \"salary\"))\n","print('The age is:', getattr(employee, \"age\"))\n","print('The age is:', employee.age)\n","print('The Name of Employee is:', employee.name)"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"QBu0ojCYioec","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632402619,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":328,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"8752e671-28ba-4406-8023-dba82133dc44"},"execution_count":64,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["The Salary is: (50000,)\n","The age is: 23\n","The age is: 23\n","The Name of Employee is: Jayaram\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python help() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The help() method calls the built-in Python help system.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of help() method is:\n","\n","\n","help(object)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The help() method takes the maximum of one parameter.\n","\n","\n","object (optional) – you want to generate the help of the given object"],"metadata":{"id":"Ynmk7lI5jIr4"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["help('max')"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"W3RB2Tu0jP6f","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632525476,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":319,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"bfc3c693-d4ad-471c-a644-efd9349a3979"},"execution_count":66,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Help on built-in function max in module builtins:\n","\n","max(...)\n","    max(iterable, *[, default=obj, key=func]) -> value\n","    max(arg1, arg2, *args, *[, key=func]) -> value\n","    \n","    With a single iterable argument, return its biggest item. The\n","    default keyword-only argument specifies an object to return if\n","    the provided iterable is empty.\n","    With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.\n","\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python id() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","\n","The id() function returns identity (unique integer) of an object.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of id() method is:\n","\n","\n","id(object)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The id() function takes a single parameter object."],"metadata":{"id":"JWgKp0m2jT_c"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["class ABCD:\n","    y = 9\n"," \n","dummyABCD = ABCD()\n","print('id of dummyABCD =',id(dummyABCD))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"Y8BuSzUajcbk","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632566450,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":613,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"0aaa7e79-187c-421c-ce9f-2d2db5cca567"},"execution_count":67,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["id of dummyABCD = 140501249277808\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python len() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The len() function returns the number of items (length) in an object.\n","\n","**Syntax**\n","\n","The syntax of len() method is:\n","\n","len(s)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","s – a sequence (string, bytes, tuple, list, or range) or a collection (dictionary, set or frozen set)"],"metadata":{"id":"OLK6pJzIj6or"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["tempList = []\n","print(tempList, 'length is', len(tempList))\n"," \n","tempList = [7, 9, 11,13,15,17,19]\n","print(tempList, 'length is', len(tempList))\n"," \n","tempTuple = (7, 9, 11,13,15,17,19,21,23)\n","print(tempTuple, 'length is', len(tempTuple))\n"," \n","tempRange = range(1, 20)\n","print('Length of', tempRange, 'is', len(tempRange))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"f_glk9yJkGI0","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632625651,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":332,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"dfe16a2c-84ad-4994-f615-53c0afb9ea69"},"execution_count":71,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["[] length is 0\n","[7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19] length is 7\n","(7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23) length is 9\n","Length of range(1, 20) is 19\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python max() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The max() method returns the largest element in an iterable or largest of two or more parameters.\n","\n","Syntax\n","\n","The syntax of max() method is:\n","\n","max(iterable, *iterables[,key, default])\n","\n","max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","max() has two forms of arguments it can work with.\n","\n","\n","\n"," 1. max(iterable, *iterables[, key, default])\n","\n","\n","iterable – sequence (tuple, string), collection (set, dictionary) or an iterator object whose largest element is to be found\n","\n","*iterables (Optional) – any number of iterables whose largest is to be found\n","\n","key (Optional) – key function where the iterables are passed and the comparison is performed based on its return value\n","\n","default (Optional) – default value if the given iterable is empty\n","\n","\n","\n"," 2. max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])\n","\n","\n","arg1 – mandatory first object for comparison (could be number, string or other object)\n","\n","arg2 – mandatory second object for comparison (could be number, string or another object)\n","\n","*args (Optional) – other objects for comparison\n","\n","key – key function where each argument is passed and the comparison is performed based on its return value"],"metadata":{"id":"ITWFEH9PkjCw"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["# using max(arg1, arg2, *args)\n","print('Maximum is:', max(7, 9, 11,13,15,17,19))\n"," \n","# using max(iterable)\n","num = [7, 9, 11,13,15,17,19]\n","print('Maximum is:', max(num))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"nB8lB7u5lAxA","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632755856,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":359,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"0e6cd7d8-1d5f-43f7-f034-e4c921d478e0"},"execution_count":72,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Maximum is: 19\n","Maximum is: 19\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python min() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The min() method returns the smallest element in an iterable or smallest of two or more parameters.\n","\n","The syntax of min() method is:\n","\n","\n","min(iterable, *iterables[,key, default])\n","\n","min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","min() has two forms of arguments it can work with.\n","\n","1. min(iterable, *iterables[, key, default])\n","iterable – sequence (tuple, string), collection (set, dictionary) or an iterator object whose smallest element is to be found\n","\n","*iterables (Optional) – any number of iterables whose smallest is to be found\n","\n","key (Optional) – key function where the iterables are passed and the comparison is performed based on its return value\n","\n","default (Optional) – default value if the given iterable is empty\n","\n","2. min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])\n","\n","arg1 – mandatory first object for comparison (could be number, string or other object)\n","\n","arg2 – mandatory second object for comparison (could be number, string or other object)\n","\n","*args (Optional) – other objects for comparison\n","\n","key – key function where each argument is passed and a comparison is performed based on its return value"],"metadata":{"id":"iZWqhi7dmHvt"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["# using min(arg1, arg2, *args)\n","print('Minimum is:', min(3,7, 9, 11,13,15,17,19))\n"," \n","# using min(iterable)\n","num = [3,7, 9, 11,13,15,17,19]\n","print('Minimum is:', min(num))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"KI5-CSYbmYYl","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674632814310,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":329,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"e872be8b-64b6-46b4-b00e-a2625baa79bb"},"execution_count":75,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["Minimum is: 3\n","Minimum is: 3\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python oct() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","The oct() method takes an integer number and returns its octal representation. If the given number is an int, it must implement __index__() method to return an integer.\n","\n","\n","The syntax of oct() method is:\n","\n","\n","oct(x)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","The oct() method takes a single parameter x.\n","\n","\n","This parameter could be:\n","\n","an integer number (binary, decimal or hexadecimal)\n","\n","if not an integer, must implement __index__() method to return an integer"],"metadata":{"id":"3HF2Fi1tmy5p"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["# decimal number\n","print('oct(34) is:', oct(34))\n"," \n","# binary number\n","print('oct(0b101) is:', oct(0b101))\n"," \n","# hexadecimal number\n","print('oct(0XA) is:', oct(0XA))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"ujc1GY4XnFzT","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674637321743,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":341,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"3ffe45c1-aac1-4aef-edc0-2ab31d6fadf4"},"execution_count":84,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["oct(34) is: 0o42\n","oct(0b101) is: 0o5\n","oct(0XA) is: 0o12\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python pow() Function:**\n","\n","Definition\n","\n","\n","The pow() method returns x to the power of y. If the third argument (z) is given, it returns x to the power of y modulus z, i.e. pow(x, y) % z.\n","\n","The syntax of pow() method is:\n","\n","\n","pow(x, y[, z])\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","The pow() method takes three parameters:\n","\n","\n","**x** – number which is to be powered\n","\n","**y** – number which is to be powered with x\n","\n","**z** (Optional) – number which is to be used for modulus operation"],"metadata":{"id":"ZGDr9PRJnVc9"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["# positive a, positive b (a**b)\n","print(pow(4, 4))\n"," \n","# negative a, positive b\n","print(pow(-4, 5))\n"," \n","# positive a, negative b (a**-b)\n","print(pow(4, -4))\n"," \n","# negative a, negative b\n","print(pow(-4, -4))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"bln8aALSngNS","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674637456225,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":342,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"49e51082-c103-4fe4-f035-ebd21220e996"},"execution_count":89,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["256\n","-1024\n","0.00390625\n","0.00390625\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python reversed() Function:**\n","\n","**Definition**\n","\n","The reversed() method returns the reversed iterator of the given sequence.\n","The syntax of reversed() method is:\n","\n","reversed(seq)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","The reversed() method takes a single parameter:\n","\n","\n","seq – sequence that should be reversed could be an object that supports sequence protocol (__len__() and __getitem__() methods) as tuple, string, list or range\n","\n","Could be an object that has implemented __reversed__()"],"metadata":{"id":"Hlo8-_-5HdFK"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["# for string\n","theString = 'Artificial Intelligent'\n","\n","print(reversed(theString))\n","print(list(reversed(theString)))\n"," \n","# for tuple\n","theTuple = ('i', 'u', 'k', 'm', 'a', 'h')\n","print(list(reversed(theTuple)))\n"," \n","# for range\n","theRange = range(1, 9)\n","print(list(reversed(theRange)))\n"," \n","# for list\n","theList = [3,7, 9, 11,13,15,17,19]\n","print(list(reversed(theList)))\n","\n"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"aCIvKVz0Hpsu","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674637650334,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":378,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"bbbaa616-8231-4f62-803b-6fb56347d0b9"},"execution_count":94,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["<reversed object at 0x7fc8ff0f2850>\n","['t', 'n', 'e', 'g', 'i', 'l', 'l', 'e', 't', 'n', 'I', ' ', 'l', 'a', 'i', 'c', 'i', 'f', 'i', 't', 'r', 'A']\n","['h', 'a', 'm', 'k', 'u', 'i']\n","[8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]\n","[19, 17, 15, 13, 11, 9, 7, 3]\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python sum() Function:**\n","\n","**Definition**\n","\n","\n","The sum() method returns the reversed iterator of the given sequence.\n","\n","The syntax of sum() method is:\n","\n","sum(iterable, start)\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","iterable – iterable (list, tuple, dict etc) whose item’s sum is to be found. Normally, items of the iterable should be numbers.\n","\n","start (optional) – this value is added to the sum of items of the iterable. The default value of start is 0 (if omitted)"],"metadata":{"id":"z2N9fh_uIJuZ"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["theNumbers = [23.67, 56, 8, 90]\n"," \n","# start parameter is not provided\n","theNumbersSum = sum(theNumbers)\n","print(theNumbersSum)\n"," \n","# start = 50\n","theNumbersSum = sum(theNumbers, 50)\n","print(theNumbersSum)\n"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"cIb4WrKVISOd","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674637751400,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":345,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"64012f2c-0aa7-4227-bcd6-097dae8faf8b"},"execution_count":97,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["177.67000000000002\n","227.67000000000002\n"]}]},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":["**Python type() Function:**\n","\n","**Definition**\n","\n","\n","If a single argument (object) is passed to type() built-in, it returns the type of the given object. If three arguments (name, bases, and dict) are passed, it returns a new type object.\n","\n","**The syntax of type() method is:**\n","\n","**type(object)**\n","\n","**type(name, bases, dict)**\n","\n","Parameters\n","\n","\n","If the single object argument is passed to type(), it returns the type of the given object."],"metadata":{"id":"-VHT74NJI3eo"}},{"cell_type":"code","source":["numList = [9, 7, 5]\n","print(type(numList))\n"," \n","numDict = {9: 'nine', 5: 'five'}\n","print(type(numDict))\n"," \n","class Zoo:\n","    x = 0\n"," \n","InstanceOfZoo = Zoo()\n","print(type(InstanceOfZoo))"],"metadata":{"colab":{"base_uri":"https://localhost:8080/"},"id":"9WfcnvPKJBWg","executionInfo":{"status":"ok","timestamp":1674637788805,"user_tz":-330,"elapsed":347,"user":{"displayName":"Sunil Kumar Gupta","userId":"00545443935213036838"}},"outputId":"0a538a52-dd44-48f0-c65a-1cb530cfa5c6"},"execution_count":98,"outputs":[{"output_type":"stream","name":"stdout","text":["<class 'list'>\n","<class 'dict'>\n","<class '__main__.Zoo'>\n"]}]}]}