diff --git a/src/openssl.c b/src/openssl.c
index 33d3316..855e87f 100644
--- a/src/openssl.c
+++ b/src/openssl.c
@@ -3227,7 +3227,7 @@ static int bio__gc(lua_State *L) {
 	return 0;
 } /* bio__gc() */
 
-static BIO *getbio(lua_State *L) {
+static BIO *getbioinstance(lua_State *L) {
 	BIO **bio;
 
 	lua_pushlightuserdata(L, (void *)&bio__gc);
@@ -3249,12 +3249,26 @@ static BIO *getbio(lua_State *L) {
 	bio = lua_touserdata(L, -1);
 	lua_pop(L, 1);
 
-	BIO_reset(*bio);
-
 	return *bio;
+} /* getbioinstance() */
+
+
+static BIO *getbio(lua_State *L) {
+	BIO *bio = getbioinstance(L);
+	BIO_reset(bio);
+	return bio;
 } /* getbio() */
 
 
+static void pushbiostring(lua_State *L) {
+	BIO *bio = getbioinstance(L);
+	char *str;
+	long len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &str);
+	lua_pushlstring(L, str, len);
+	BIO_reset(bio);
+} /* pushbiostring() */
+
+
 static int pk_new(lua_State *L) {
 	EVP_PKEY **ud;
 
@@ -3835,8 +3849,6 @@ static int pk_toPEM(lua_State *L) {
 	EVP_PKEY *key = checksimple(L, 1, PKEY_CLASS);
 	int top, i, ok;
 	BIO *bio;
-	char *pem;
-	long len;
 
 	if (1 == (top = lua_gettop(L))) {
 		lua_pushstring(L, "publickey");
@@ -3858,18 +3870,14 @@ static int pk_toPEM(lua_State *L) {
 			if (!PEM_write_bio_PUBKEY(bio, key))
 				return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "pkey:__tostring");
 
-			len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &pem);
-			lua_pushlstring(L, pem, len);
-			BIO_reset(bio);
+			pushbiostring(L);
 
 			break;
 		case 2: case 3: /* private, PrivateKey */
 			if (!PEM_write_bio_PrivateKey(bio, key, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
 				return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "pkey:__tostring");
 
-			len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &pem);
-			lua_pushlstring(L, pem, len);
-			BIO_reset(bio);
+			pushbiostring(L);
 
 			break;
 #if 0
@@ -4417,8 +4425,6 @@ static int pk__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 	EVP_PKEY *key = checksimple(L, 1, PKEY_CLASS);
 	int type = optencoding(L, 2, "pem", X509_PEM|X509_DER);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	long len;
 
 	switch (type) {
 	case X509_PEM:
@@ -4431,9 +4437,7 @@ static int pk__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 		break;
 	} /* switch() */
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* pk__tostring() */
@@ -4686,8 +4690,7 @@ static int ecg_tostring(lua_State *L) {
 	EC_GROUP *group = checksimple(L, 1, EC_GROUP_CLASS);
 	int how = optencoding(L, 2, "pem", X509_PEM|X509_DER|X509_TXT);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *bytes;
-	int len, indent;
+	int indent;
 
 	switch (how) {
 	case X509_PEM:
@@ -4705,8 +4708,7 @@ static int ecg_tostring(lua_State *L) {
 		break;
 	}
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &bytes);
-	lua_pushlstring(L, bytes, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 sslerr:
@@ -5452,15 +5454,11 @@ static int xe_text(lua_State *L) {
 	unsigned long flags = auxL_optunsigned(L, 2, 0, 0, ULONG_MAX);
 	int indent = auxL_optinteger(L, 3, 0, 0, INT_MAX);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	size_t len;
 
 	if (!X509V3_EXT_print(bio, ext, flags, indent))
 		return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "x509.extension.text");
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* xe_text() */
@@ -6440,8 +6438,6 @@ static int xc_text(lua_State *L) {
 	unsigned int i;
 
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	long len;
 
 	if (!lua_isnil(L, 2)) {
 		lua_pushnil(L);
@@ -6462,9 +6458,7 @@ static int xc_text(lua_State *L) {
 	if (!X509_print_ex(bio, crt, 0, flags))
 		return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "x509.cert:text");
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* xc_text() */
@@ -6474,8 +6468,6 @@ static int xc__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 	X509 *crt = checksimple(L, 1, X509_CERT_CLASS);
 	int type = optencoding(L, 2, "pem", X509_PEM|X509_DER);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	long len;
 
 	switch (type) {
 	case X509_PEM:
@@ -6488,9 +6480,7 @@ static int xc__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 		break;
 	} /* switch() */
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* xc__tostring() */
@@ -6809,8 +6799,6 @@ static int xr__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 	X509_REQ *csr = checksimple(L, 1, X509_CSR_CLASS);
 	int type = optencoding(L, 2, "pem", X509_PEM|X509_DER);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	long len;
 
 	switch (type) {
 	case X509_PEM:
@@ -6823,9 +6811,7 @@ static int xr__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 		break;
 	} /* switch() */
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* xr__tostring() */
@@ -7204,15 +7190,11 @@ static int xx_text(lua_State *L) {
 	X509_CRL *crl = checksimple(L, 1, X509_CRL_CLASS);
 
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	long len;
 
 	if (!X509_CRL_print(bio, crl))
 		return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "x509.crl:text");
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* xx_text() */
@@ -7222,8 +7204,6 @@ static int xx__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 	X509_CRL *crl = checksimple(L, 1, X509_CRL_CLASS);
 	int type = optencoding(L, 2, "pem", X509_PEM|X509_DER);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	long len;
 
 	switch (type) {
 	case X509_PEM:
@@ -7236,9 +7216,7 @@ static int xx__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 		break;
 	} /* switch() */
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* xx__tostring() */
@@ -7848,15 +7826,11 @@ static int p12_parse(lua_State *L) {
 static int p12__tostring(lua_State *L) {
 	PKCS12 *p12 = checksimple(L, 1, PKCS12_CLASS);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	char *data;
-	long len;
 
 	if (!i2d_PKCS12_bio(bio, p12))
 		return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "pkcs12:__tostring");
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &data);
-
-	lua_pushlstring(L, data, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* p12__tostring() */
@@ -9902,14 +9876,11 @@ EXPORT int luaopen__openssl_cipher(lua_State *L) {
 static int or_tostring(lua_State *L) {
 	OCSP_RESPONSE *resp = checksimple(L, 1, OCSP_RESPONSE_CLASS);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	size_t len;
-	char *bytes;
 
 	if (!OCSP_RESPONSE_print(bio, resp, 0))
 		return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "OCSP_RESPONSE:tostring");
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &bytes);
-	lua_pushlstring(L, bytes, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* or__tostring() */
@@ -9918,14 +9889,11 @@ static int or_tostring(lua_State *L) {
 static int or_toPEM(lua_State *L) {
 	OCSP_RESPONSE *resp = checksimple(L, 1, OCSP_RESPONSE_CLASS);
 	BIO *bio = getbio(L);
-	size_t len;
-	char *bytes;
 
 	if (!PEM_write_bio_OCSP_RESPONSE(bio, resp))
 		return auxL_error(L, auxL_EOPENSSL, "OCSP_RESPONSE:toPEM");
 
-	len = BIO_get_mem_data(bio, &bytes);
-	lua_pushlstring(L, bytes, len);
+	pushbiostring(L);
 
 	return 1;
 } /* or_toPEM() */