Last modified: July 3, 2024

Version v4.0

Global Bee Interaction Dataset

Introduction / Data Description / Citation / Metrics / Included Resources / References / Acknowledgements

Introduction

This dataset comprises all bee interactions indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI; Poelen et al. 2014). It is published quarterly by the Big Bee Project (Seltmann et al. 2021) to summarize all available knowledge about bee interactions from natural history collection, and community science observations (i.e., iNaturalist), and the literature. Interactions include flower visitation, parasitic interactions (mite, viral), lecty, and many others.

Citation

Katja C. Seltmann, & Global Biotic Interaction Community. (2024). Global Bee Interaction Data (v2.02) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6564718

Data Description

Please see the integration process page to better understand how Global Biotic Interactions combines datasets from various sources. The complete interaction dataset for all species can be accessed via https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/data.

Data is filtered for unique records based on the interaction description and source citation. Archives contain full data records and unique filtered records in tab-delimited format. Filtering is accomplished by comparing indexed interactions with DiscoverLife World Bee Checklist using Nomer, a command line name alignment tool. For more information see https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please.

Dataset column name definitions https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields or https://api.globalbioticinteractions.org/interactionFields?type=csv

Duplicate records occur in the database because more than one provider shares information. This is most frequently occuring in museum specimen data and duplicates can be identified evaluating the institutionCode, collectionCode and catalogNumber fields. The file catalogNumber_counts.tsv groups records by these three fields for this dataset, but does not filter out duplicate records. Additionally, this dataset includes the citation information provided by the data publisher. The provided sourceCitation may not include information about the primary provider (often the natural history collection) the specimen data originates and the catalogNumber should be referenced to understand the original source of the data.

Summary statistics about the dataset can be found in the bees-only-review.pdf file. This review of all bee data indexed by Global Biotic Interactions was created using GloBI’s Interaction Data Review Report Framework via repository select-bee-interactions.sh.

Metrics

Date	Andrenidae	Apidae	Colletidae	Halictidae	Megachilidae	Melittidae	Stenotritidae	Total bee records
07-17-2020	73,463	106,222	20,821	58,880	44,449	2,511	23	306,369
01-24-2021	77,824	120,919	21,376	63,945	48,856	2,624	18	335,562
11-17-2021	25,535	134,517	10,568	43,070	37,001	995	9	251,695
06-01-2022	78,016	144,827	20,409	64,054	54,516	2,994	18	364,834
11-07-2022	84,172	171,378	30,792	79,155	61,391	2,396	24	429,308
01-18-2024	166,473	334,224	63,847	171,931	100,814	5,088	442	842,819
07-03-2024	289,400	371,953	83,337	190,562	162,587	4,964	438	1,109,057

Included Resources

count	source citation
1	sourceCitation
219440	Symbiota Collections of Arthropods Network (SCAN)
156437	University of Kansas Natural History Museum
150780	Digital Bee Collections Network, 2014 (and updates). Version: 2015-03-18. National Science Foundation grant DBI#0956388
134657	USGS Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) IPT
126820	http://iNaturalist.org is a place where you can record what you see in nature, meet other nature lovers, and learn about the natural world.
44522	PaDIL Bee records from the Pests and Diseases Image Library, http://www.padil.gov.au.
38658	University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner.
27711	Carril OM, Griswold T, Haefner J, Wilson JS. (2018) Wild bees of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument: richness, abundance, and spatio-temporal beta-diversity. PeerJ 6:e5867 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5867
15506	Seltmann, K., Van Wagner, J., Behm, R., Brown, Z., Tan, E., & Liu, K. (2020). BID: A project to share biotic interaction and ecological trait data about bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). UC Santa Barbara: Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1g21k7bf
14666	Web of Life. http://www.web-of-life.es .
14577	Pensoft Darwin Core Archives available via Integrated Publication Toolkit
13447	University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Entomology Collection
13296	https://mangal.io - the ecological interaction database.
10705	National Database Plant Pollinators. Center for Plant Conservation at San Diego Zoo Global. Accessed via https://saveplants.org/national-collection/pollinator-search/ on 2020-06-05.
8529	Ollerton, J., Trunschke, J. ., Havens, K. ., Landaverde-González, P. ., Keller, A. ., Gilpin, A.-M. ., Rodrigo Rech, A. ., Baronio, G. J. ., Phillips, B. J., Mackin, C. ., Stanley, D. A., Treanore, E. ., Baker, E. ., Rotheray, E. L., Erickson, E. ., Fornoff, F. ., Brearley, F. Q. ., Ballantyne, G. ., Iossa, G. ., Stone, G. N., Bartomeus, I. ., Stockan, J. A., Leguizamón, J., Prendergast, K. ., Rowley, L., Giovanetti, M., de Oliveira Bueno, R., Wesselingh, R. A., Mallinger, R., Edmondson, S., Howard, S. R., Leonhardt, S. D., Rojas-Nossa, S. V., Brett, M., Joaqui, T., Antoniazzi, R., Burton, V. J., Feng, H.-H., Tian, Z.-X., Xu, Q., Zhang, C., Shi, C.-L., Huang, S.-Q., Cole, L. J., Bendifallah, L., Ellis, E. E., Hegland, S. J., Straffon Díaz, S., Lander, T. A. ., Mayr, A. V., Dawson, R. ., Eeraerts, M. ., Armbruster, W. S. ., Walton, B. ., Adjlane, N. ., Falk, S. ., Mata, L. ., Goncalves Geiger, A. ., Carvell, C. ., Wallace, C. ., Ratto, F. ., Barberis, M. ., Kahane, F. ., Connop, S. ., Stip, A. ., Sigrist, M. R. ., Vereecken, N. J. ., Klein, A.-M., Baldock, K. ., & Arnold, S. E. J. . (2022). Pollinator-flower interactions in gardens during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown of 2020. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 31, 87–96. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)695
8014	Redhead, J.W.; Coombes, C.F.; Dean, H.J.; Dyer, R.; Oliver, T.H.; Pocock, M.J.O.; Rorke, S.L.; Vanbergen, A.J.; Woodcock, B.A.; Pywell, R.F. (2018). Plant-pollinator interactions database for construction of potential networks. NERC Environmental Information Data Centre. https://doi.org/10.5285/6d8d5cb5-bd54-4da7-903a-15bd4bbd531b
7630	CaraDonna, P.J. 2020. Temporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions, Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, CO, USA, 2013 - 2015 ver 1. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/27dc02fe1655e3896f20326fed5cb95f (Accessed 2021-04-16).
6921	Purdue Entomological Research Collection
6911	Arizona State University Hasbrouck Insect Collection
6430	LaManna, JA, Burkle, LA, Belote, RT, Myers, JA. Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant–pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients. J Ecol. 2020; 00: 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13530 .
6288	Pensoft Darwin Core Archives with associateTaxa columns
6269	Eardley C, Coetzer W. 2016. Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees.
6114	University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Division of Insects
5089	Magrach, Ainhoa et al. (2017), Data from: Plant-pollinator networks in semi-natural grasslands are resistant to the loss of pollinators during blooming of mass-flowering crops, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k0q1n
3860	Giselle Muschett & Francisco E. Fontúrbel. 2021. A comprehensive catalogue of plant – pollinator interactions for Chile
3720	Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University
3670	Natural History Collections managed by Arctos (https://arctosdb.org) accessed via https://vertnet.org .
3620	Sarah E Miller. 6/19/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.
3581	Robert L. Minckley San Bernardino Valley from the year 2000 to 2011.
3581	University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and other Arthropods UNHC-UNHC
3581	University of New Hampshire Donald S. Chandler Entomological Collection
2242	Sarah E. Miller. 07/06/2017. Information extracted from dataset https://www.idigbio.org/portal/recordsets/db4bb0df-8539-4617-ab5f-eb118aa3126b.
2223	Bartomeus, Ignasi (2013): Plant-Pollinator Network Data. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.154863.v1
2110	Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection
2074	Florida State Collection of Arthropods
2035	Ed Baker; Ian J. Kitching; George W. Beccaloni; Amoret Whitaker et al. (2016). Dataset: NHM Interactions Bank. Natural History Museum Data Portal (data.nhm.ac.uk). https://doi.org/10.5519/0060767
1762	Poelen, Jorrit H. (2023). A biodiversity dataset graph: Biological Associations in TaxonWorks hash://sha256/a4d651aac5220487835e6178511886e98b845b2d98cb7c5447fb2b042e0654d2 hash://md5/849edbe55e31e54ea5cdaba0188c5655 (0.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8253729
1681	Harvard University M, Morris P J (2021). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
1563	Ballantyne, Gavin; Baldock, Katherine C. R.; Willmer, Pat G. (2015), Data from: Constructing more informative plant-pollinator networks: visitation and pollen deposition networks in a heathland plant community, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.17pp3
1365	Sarah E Miller. 5/30/2016. Interations from various papers.
1281	Sarah E Miller. 4/18/2016. Species associations from Wardeh, M. et al. Database of host-pathogen and related species interactions, and their global distribution. Sci. Data 2:150049 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2015.49 (2015)
1102	University of California Santa Barbara Invertebrate Zoology Collection
1086	Cohen JM, Sauer EL, Santiago O, Spencer S, Rohr JR. 2020. Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates. Science. doi:10.1126/science.abb1702
939	Allen Hurlbert. 2017. Avian Diet Database.
918	Texas A&M University Insect Collection
906	Del Risco, A.A., Montoya, Á.M., García, V. et al. Data synthesis and dynamic visualization converge into a comprehensive biotic interaction network: a case study of the urban and rural areas of Bogotá D.C.. Urban Ecosyst (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01133-3
872	Cristina Preda and Quentin Groom. 2014. Species associations manually extracted from literature.
754	United States Geological Survey (USGS) Pollinator Library. https://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/pollinator.
752	Sarah E Miller. 6/22/2015. Species associations manually extracted from datasets https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/interactionweb/resources.html.
750	RCPol: Online Pollen Catalogs Network. 2016. https://rcpol.org.br/
744	Classen, Alice; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2020): Plant-pollinator interactions along an elevational gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.911390
704	Yale University Peabody Museum Collections Data Portal
677	The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection
541	Udy, Kristy; Reininghaus, Hannah; Scherber, Christoph; Tscharntke, Teja (2020), Data from: Plant-pollinator interactions along an urbanization gradient from cities and villages to farmland landscapes, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.4mw6m906s
524	Pardee, G.L., Ballare, K.M., Neff, J.L., Do, L.Q., Ojeda, D., Bienenstock, E.J., Brosi, B.J., Grubesic, T.H., Miller, J.A., Tong, D. and Jha, S., 2023. Local and Landscape Factors Influence Plant-Pollinator Networks and Bee Foraging Behavior across an Urban Corridor. Land, 12(2), p.362. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/2/362
511	Sarah E Miller. 6/25/2015. Species associations manually extracted from Robertson, C. 1929. Flowers and insects: lists of visitors to four hundred and fifty-three flowers. Carlinville, IL, USA, C. Robertson.
511	The International Barcode of Life Consortium (2016). International Barcode of Life project (iBOL). Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/inygc6
454	Seltzer, Carrie; Wysocki, William; Palacios, Melissa; Eickhoff, Anna; Pilla, Hannah; Aungst, Jordan; Mercer, Aaron; Quicho, Jamie; Voss, Neil; Xu, Man; J. Ndangalasi, Henry; C. Lovett, Jon; J. Cordeiro, Norbert (2015): Plant-animal interactions from Africa. figshare. https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1526128
342	Mycology Collections Data Portal (MyCoPortal). 2020. https://mycoportal.org
292	Global Web Database (http://globalwebdb.com): an online collection of food webs. Accessed via https://www.globalwebdb.com/Service/DownloadArchive on 2017-10-12.
268	University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stephen J. Taft Parasitological Collection
241	University of Hawaii Insect Museum
168	Sarah E Miller. 12/13/2016. Species associations manually extracted from Onstad, D.W. EDWIP: Ecological Database of the World's Insect Pathogens. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, [23/11/2016]. http://insectweb.inhs.uiuc.edu/Pathogens/EDWIP.
153	California Academy of Sciences Entomology and Entomology Type Collection
127	Olito, Colin; Fox, Jeremy W. (2015), Data from: Species traits and abundances predict metrics of plant–pollinator network structure, but not pairwise interactions, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7st32
114	Kari Lintulaakso. 2023. MammalBase Diet Database.
106	Brose, U. (2018). GlobAL daTabasE of traits and food Web Architecture (GATEWAy) version 1.0 [Data set]. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig. https://doi.org/10.25829/IDIV.283-3-756
104	Groom, Q.J., Maarten De Groot, M. & Marčiulynienė, D. (2020) Species interation data manually extracted from literature for species .
96	Eneida L. Hatcher, Sergey A. Zhdanov, Yiming Bao, Olga Blinkova, Eric P. Nawrocki, Yuri Ostapchuck, Alejandro A. Schäffer, J. Rodney Brister, Virus Variation Resource – improved response to emergent viral outbreaks, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 45, Issue D1, January 2017, Pages D482–D490, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1065 .
93	Jakovos Demetriou and Quentin Groom 2014. Species associations of Sceliphron manually extracted from literature.
92	San Diego Natural History Museum
80	Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah
59	National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution IPT RSS Feed
56	Poelen, JH (2016). Plant pathogen-host interactions scraped from Common Names of Plant Diseases published by the American Phytopathological Society at http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/default.aspx using Samara, a Planteome (http://planteome.org) plant-trait scraper.
50	Florez-Montero, G.L., Muylaert, R.L., Nogueira, M.R., Geiselman, C., Santana, S.E., Stevens, R.D., Tschapka, M., Rodrigues, F.A. and Mello, M.A.R. (2022), NeoBat Interactions: A data set of bat–plant interactions in the Neotropics. Ecology. Accepted Author Manuscript e3640. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3640
50	Ferrer-Paris, José R.; Sánchez-Mercado, Ada Y.; Lozano, Cecilia; Zambrano, Liset; Soto, José; Baettig, Jessica; Leal, María (2014): A compilation of larval host-plant records for six families of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from available electronic resources. figshare. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1168861
39	Pocock, Michael J. O.; Evans, Darren M.; Memmott, Jane (2012), Data from: The robustness and restoration of a network of ecological networks, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.3s36r118
37	Sarah E Miller. 9/19/2016. Species associations extracted from Graystock, P., Blane, E.J., McFrederick, Q.S., Goulson, D. and Hughes, W.O., 2016. Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 5(1), pp.64-75.
36	Mihara, T., Nishimura, Y., Shimizu, Y., Nishiyama, H., Yoshikawa, G., Uehara, H., Hingamp, P., Goto, S., and Ogata, H.; Linking virus genomes with host taxonomy. Viruses 8, 66 doi:10.3390/v8030066 (2016).
36	Quentin J. Groom. 2020. Species interactions of species on the List of invasive alien species of Union concern
33	IPBES. (2016). The assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on pollinators, pollination and food production. Table 2.4.3 p88 Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3402857
30	Brigham Young University Arthropod Museum
24	Geiselman, Cullen K. & Sarah Younger. 2020. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batbase.org
24	Geiselman, Cullen K. and Tuli I. Defex. 2015. Bat Eco-Interactions Database. www.batplant.org
23	Agosti, Donat. 2020. Transcription of Linné, C. von, 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 .
21	Species Connect. https://speciesconnect.com
17	http://invertebrates.si.edu/parasites.htm
14	Gandhi, K. J. K., & Herms, D. A. (2009). North American arthropods at risk due to widespread Fraxinus mortality caused by the Alien Emerald ash borer. Biological Invasions, 12(6), 1839–1846. doi:10.1007/s10530-009-9594-1.
12	Food Webs and Species Interactions in the Biodiversity of UK and Ireland (Online). 2017. Data provided by Malcolm Storey. Also available from http://bioinfo.org.uk.
12	Sarah E Miller. 5/28/2015. Arnaud, Paul Henri. A Host-parasite Catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, 1978.
10	University of California Santa Barbara Herbarium
9	Field Museum of Natural History IPT
8	Brose, U. et al., 2005. Body sizes of consumers and their resources. Ecology, 86(9), pp.2545–2545. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/05-0379.
8	Strong, Justin S., and Shawn J. Leroux. 2014. "Impact of Non-Native Terrestrial Mammals on the Structure of the Terrestrial Mammal Food Web of Newfoundland, Canada." PLOS ONE 9 (8): e106264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106264
7	Chen L, Liu B, Wu Z, Jin Q, Yang J, 2017. DRodVir: A resource for exploring the virome diversity in rodents. J Genet Genomics. 44(5):259-264.
5	Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2018. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (10/2018).
5	Pinnegar, J.K. (2014). DAPSTOM - An Integrated Database & Portal for Fish Stomach Records. Version 4.7. Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, UK. February 2014, 39pp.
4	Aja Sherman, Cullen Geiselman. 2021. Bat Co-Roosting Database
4	Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology
4	Mollentze, Nardus, & Streicker, Daniel G. (2019). Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts (Version 1.0.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3516613
4	Sarah E Miller. 7/7/2016. Text gathered from Wirta, H.K., Vesterinen, E.J., Hambäck, P.A., Weingartner, E., Rasmussen, C., Reneerkens, J., Schmidt, N.M., Gilg, O. and Roslin, T., 2015. Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web. Ecology and evolution, 5(17), pp.3842-3856.
4	Sarah E Miller. 9/15/2016. Species associations extracted from http://parasiticplants.siu.edu/index.html.
4	Sarah E. Miller. 04/14/2015. Extracted from literature Scott, J.A. 1986.  The Butterflies of North America.  Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
4	Scott L. Gardner and Gabor R. Racz (2021). University of Nebraska State Museum - Parasitology. Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. University of Nebraska State Museum.
2	Deans, Andrew (2021). Catalog of Rose Gall, Herb Gall, and Inquiline Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) of the United States, Canada, and Mexico
2	Jorrit H. Poelen. 2017. Species interactions associated with known species interaction datasets.
2	Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection
2	Sarah E Miller. 4/20/2015. Species associations manually extracted from various papers and articles from site https://repository.si.edu
2	Seltmann, Katja C. 2020. Biotic species interactions about ticks manually extracted from literature.
2	Species Interactions of Australia Database (SIAD): Helping us to understand species interactions in Australia and beyond. http://www.discoverlife.org/siad/ .
1	Chen L, Liu B, Yang J, Jin Q, 2014. DBatVir: the database of bat-associated viruses. Database (Oxford). 2014:bau021. doi:10.1093/database/bau021
1	Grundler MC (2020) SquamataBase: a natural history database and R package for comparative biology of snake feeding habits. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e49943. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49943
1	Gunther KA et al. 2014 Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Ursus 25(1):60-72
1	Sarah E Miller. 7/6/2016. Arctos collection.

Included files

Data files are found on the related Zenodo publication:

• bee_data_BID.sh - script for separating bee records into family
• uniq_citations.tsv - list of unique citations indicating bee interactions
• Andrenidae_data_unique.tsv - Andrenidae records    
• Apidae_data_unique.tsv - Apidae records        
• Colletidae_data_unique.tsv - Colletidae records
• Halictidae_data_unique.tsv - Halictidae records    
• Megachilidae_data_unique.tsv - Megachilidae records    
• Melittidae_data_unique.tsv - Melittidae records
• Stenotritidae_data_unique.tsv - Stenotritidae records
• bees-only-interactions.tsv.zip - list of all bee interaction data indexed on Global Biotic Interactions from GloBI version 2024-06-07 produced by select-bee-interactions.sh.
• bees-only-review.pdf - Review of all bee data indexed by Global Biotic Interactions using GloBI’s Interaction Data Review Report Framework via repository select-bee-interactions.sh.

References

GloBI Community. (2024). Global Biotic Interactions: Interpreted Data Products hash://md5/946f7666667d60657dc89d9af8ffb909 hash://sha256/4e83d2daee05a4fa91819d58259ee58ffc5a29ec37aa7e84fd5ffbb2f92aa5b8 (0.7) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11552565

Poelen JH, Simons JD, Mungall CJ (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005

Seltmann KC, Allen J, Brown BV, Carper A, Engel MS, Franz N, Gilbert E, Grinter C, Gonzalez VH, Horsley P, Lee S, Maier C, Miko I, Morris P, Oboyski P, Pierce NE, Poelen J, Scott VL, Smith M, Talamas EJ, Tsutsui ND, Tucker E (2021) Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 5: e74037. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.5.74037

Poelen, JS & Seltmann, KS (2024) Bees Only Please: Bees Only Please: Selecting Hundreds of Thousands of Possible Bee Interactions Using a Laptop, Open Datasets, and Small (but Mighty) Commandline Tools. https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org/2024/06/07/bees-only-please

Ascher, J. S. and J. Pickering (2020) Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species.

Acknowledgements

This project is supported by the National Science Foundation. Award numbers: 2102006, 2101929, 2101908, 2101876, 2101875, 2101851, 2101345, 2101913, 2101891 and 2101850.